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Summary of trigonometric identities

admin 07/07/2022

You have seen quite a few trigonometric identities in the past few pages. It is convenient to have a summary of them for reference. These identities mostly refer lớn one angle denoted θ, but there are some that involve two angles, and for those, the two angles are denoted α & β.

Bạn đang xem: Summary of trigonometric identities

The more important identities. You don’t have lớn know all the identities off the đứng top of your head. But these you should.
Defining relations for tangent, cotangent, secant, và cosecant in terms of sine & cosine.
The Pythagorean formula for sines and cosines. This is probably the most important trig identity.
Identities expressing trig functions in terms of their complements.There"s not much to these. Each of the six trig functions is equal to lớn its co-function evaluated at the complementary angle.
Periodicity of trig functions. Sine, cosine, secant, & cosecant have period 2π while tangent and cotangent have period π.
Identities for negative angles. Sine, tangent, cotangent, and cosecant are odd functions while cosine và secant are even functions.
Ptolemy’s identities, the sum and difference formulas for sine và cosine.
Double angle formulas for sine and cosine.Note that there are three forms for the double angle formula for cosine. You only need lớn know one, but be able to derive the other two from the Pythagorean formula.
The less important identities.You should know that there are these identities, but they are not as important as those mentioned above. They can all be derived from those above, but sometimes it takes a bit of work to vì so.

Xem thêm: Đồ Ăn Vặt Làm Tại Nhà - Top 12 Món Ăn Vặt Ngon, Dễ Làm Tại Nhà

The Pythagorean formula for tangents & secants.There’s also one for cotangents and cosecants, but as cotangents and cosecants are rarely needed, it’s unnecessary.
Identities expressing trig functions in terms of their supplements.
Sum, difference, & double angle formulas for tangent.
The half angle formulas.The ones for sine & cosine take the positive or negative square root depending on the quadrant of the angle θ/2. For example, if θ/2 is an acute angle, then the positive root would be used.
Truly obscure identities.These are just here for perversity. No, not really. They have some applications, but they’re usually narrow applications, and they could just as well be forgotten until needed.
Product-sum identities.This group of identities allow you to lớn change a sum or difference of sines or cosines into a sản phẩm of sines and cosines.
Product identities.Aside: weirdly enough, these sản phẩm identities were used before logarithms were invented in order lớn perform multiplication. Here’s how you could use the second one. If you want to lớn multiply x times y, use a table to lớn look up the angle α whose cosine is x & the angle β whose cosine is y. Look up the cosines of the sum α+β. & the difference α–β. Average those two cosines. You get the hàng hóa xy! Three table look-ups, và computing a sum, a difference, và an average rather than one multiplication. Tycho Brahe (1546–1601), among others, used this algorithm known as prosthaphaeresis.
Triple angle formulas.You can easily reconstruct these from the addition & double angle formulas.
More half-angle formulas.

Xem thêm: One Of The First Novels In The History Of Literature Was Written In England In 1719

These describe the basic trig functions in terms of the tangent of half the angle. These are used in calculus for a particular kind of substitution in integrals sometimes called the Weierstrass t-substitution.

Summary of trigonometric identities

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You have seen quite a few trigonometric identities in the past few pages. It is convenient to have a summary of them for reference. These identities mostly refer lớn one angle denoted θ, but there are some that involve two angles, and for those, the two angles are denoted α & β. Bạn đang xem: Summary of trigonometric identities

The more important identities. You don’t have lớn know all the identities off the đứng top of your head. But these you should.

	Defining relations for tangent, cotangent, secant, và cosecant in terms of sine & cosine.
	The Pythagorean formula for sines and cosines. This is probably the most important trig identity.
	Identities expressing trig functions in terms of their complements.There"s not much to these. Each of the six trig functions is equal to lớn its co-function evaluated at the complementary angle.
	Periodicity of trig functions. Sine, cosine, secant, & cosecant have period 2π while tangent and cotangent have period π.
	Identities for negative angles. Sine, tangent, cotangent, and cosecant are odd functions while cosine và secant are even functions.
	Ptolemy’s identities, the sum and difference formulas for sine và cosine.
	Double angle formulas for sine and cosine.Note that there are three forms for the double angle formula for cosine. You only need lớn know one, but be able to derive the other two from the Pythagorean formula.


The less important identities.You should know that there are these identities, but they are not as important as those mentioned above. They can all be derived from those above, but sometimes it takes a bit of work to vì so. Xem thêm: Đồ Ăn Vặt Làm Tại Nhà - Top 12 Món Ăn Vặt Ngon, Dễ Làm Tại Nhà

	The Pythagorean formula for tangents & secants.There’s also one for cotangents and cosecants, but as cotangents and cosecants are rarely needed, it’s unnecessary.
	Identities expressing trig functions in terms of their supplements.
	Sum, difference, & double angle formulas for tangent.
	The half angle formulas.The ones for sine & cosine take the positive or negative square root depending on the quadrant of the angle θ/2. For example, if θ/2 is an acute angle, then the positive root would be used.

Truly obscure identities.These are just here for perversity. No, not really. They have some applications, but they’re usually narrow applications, and they could just as well be forgotten until needed.
	Product-sum identities.This group of identities allow you to lớn change a sum or difference of sines or cosines into a sản phẩm of sines and cosines.
	Product identities.Aside: weirdly enough, these sản phẩm identities were used before logarithms were invented in order lớn perform multiplication. Here’s how you could use the second one. If you want to lớn multiply x times y, use a table to lớn look up the angle α whose cosine is x & the angle β whose cosine is y. Look up the cosines of the sum α+β. & the difference α–β. Average those two cosines. You get the hàng hóa xy! Three table look-ups, và computing a sum, a difference, và an average rather than one multiplication. Tycho Brahe (1546–1601), among others, used this algorithm known as prosthaphaeresis.
	Triple angle formulas.You can easily reconstruct these from the addition & double angle formulas.
	More half-angle formulas. Xem thêm: One Of The First Novels In The History Of Literature Was Written In England In 1719 These describe the basic trig functions in terms of the tangent of half the angle. These are used in calculus for a particular kind of substitution in integrals sometimes called the Weierstrass t-substitution.